Contemporary Issues in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Contemporary Issues in Business - Essay Example Truth be told, arranging isn't tied in with foreseeing the future, yet getting ready for it dismissing the reality of which future will in the long run work out (Wade, 2012, p.31). Along these lines, situation arranging is tied in with attempting to figure designs that are tending to the imagine a scenario where situations later on (Hill and Jones, 2009, p.26. It is hence straightforward that situation arranging is a pre-owned device for adaptable long haul plans, which additionally permits chiefs to comprehend the nature and effect of vulnerabilities that influence the world (Northumbria University, 2014). This actually doesn't mean guaging the future, however inevitably getting ready for the future to come dependent on the potential situations to occur. All things considered, situations are viewed as solid backings for vital arranging (Zahradnickova and Vacik, 2014, p.665). The motivation behind why there is a need to get ready for the future with different plans tending to the imagine a scenario in which concerns is because of the way that the business condition is influenced by numerous powers. This prompts the point that in the genuine business, situation arranging is considered as a scientific apparatus that permits the specialists to get ready things later on, in light of the fact that it permits them to build up a structure that can lead them further to create dreams for the future as they dissect the ecological powers in the condition that can thwart development. In the business condition, an association is confronted with different powers, for example, legislative issues, financial matters, social, financial aspects, mechanical and legitimate concerns. These are significant elements that could considerably influence the business results. In any case, there are different cases by which the accomplishment of an association relies upon the predomin ant legitimate worries in an association. Then again, the achievement of a specific brand for example may rely upon the predominant social pattern that individuals acknowledge in the general public.

Much Ado About Nothing :: essays research papers

I wasn’t ready to go to the play in Spring Green, WI, so I will be giving a clarification of one of the characters of the play. I have decided to discuss Beatrice, and I trust I can make it two entire pages. Â Â Â Â Â Beatrice is the niece of Leonato, who is am powerful figure in Messina, where the story, Much Ado About Nothing, happens. He is likewise an old buddy with Don Pedro who drives a military, which has quite recently returned from fight. Â Â Â Â Â She is an exceptionally entirely young lady, with an active mentality. She comes out with the simple truth of the matter, and doesn’t care about people's opinion of her. Everybody cherishes her, and she is a remarkable performer. Beatrice makes everybody giggle, with her clever comments. She’s an exceptionally insightful individual, and she knows it. So does every other person so far as that is concerned. Â Â Â Â Â Beatrice consistently says, all through nearly the whole play that she would never get hitched, in light of the fact that she could always be unable to discover a man that could satisfy her, in actuality she is practically certain that the ideal man for her doesn’t exist. She doesn’t need a man in her life, and she’s consummately glad being without a spouse. Presently don’t misunderstand me, she isn’t a mean individual, she’s just extremely autonomous. Â Â Â Â Â Well that was until Benedick, an attractive military man with a demeanor equivalent to Beatrice’s, went along. They squabbled to and fro and talked continually about the amount they loathed one another, and butted heads at whatever point conceivable. Thus, it was clear to everybody around them that they were ideal for one another. There was a little slyness and they wound up falling head over recuperates in affection with each other. Â Â Â Â Â So, despite the fact that she wasn’t searching for a man and never wanted to, she got him.

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Wharton for Consulting

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Wharton for Consulting Perennially ranked among the top business schools in the world, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvaniaâ€"as its original name, the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, indicatesâ€"is best known for its reputation in finance, which is still the school’s largest department. However, if you are interested in a career in consulting but believe that Wharton is the program of choice for future investment bankers  only…  well,  think again! Check out these five facts about consulting at Wharton: Every year since 2005, more Wharton graduates have accepted positions in consulting than in investment banking. Wharton’s Consulting Club is one of its largest student organizations. One of Wharton’s most popular electives is “Strategy and Competitive Advantage.”  Professor Nicolaj Siggelkow, a protégé of strategy guru Michael Porter, is notorious for pushing his students to clarify their answers. But if they use trite buzzwords such as “adding value” and “frameworks,” they may find themselves in the hot seat for 30 minutes of additional questioning! In recent years, Wharton’s Consulting Club has hosted an annual case competition for first-year students; winners have been offered summer internships with Boston Consulting Group. For more information on UPenn Wharton or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Wharton for Consulting Perennially ranked among the top business schools in the world, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvaniaâ€"as its original name, the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, indicatesâ€"is best known for its reputation in finance, which is still the schools largest department. However, if you are interested in a career in consulting but believe that Wharton is the program of choice for future investment bankers  only  well,  think again! Check out these five facts about consulting at Wharton: Every year since 2005, more Wharton graduates have accepted positions in consulting than in investment banking. Whartons Consulting Club is one of its largest. One of Wharton’s most popular electives isStrategy and Competitive Advantage. Professor Nicolaj Siggelkow, a protégé of strategy guru Michael Porter, is notorious for pushing his students to clarify their answers, but if they use trite buzzwords like   “adding value” and “frameworks,” they may find themselves in the hot seat for 30 minutes of additional questioning! The 2010 Consulting Conference was the largest student-run consulting event ever held at Wharton, featuring keynote speeches by the managing director of strategy of Accenture and the vice president of Bain Company (Los Angeles), as well as panels on topics ranging from new media solutions to sustainable social impact. In recent years, Whartons Consulting Club has hosted an annual case competition for first-year students; winners have been offered summer internships with Boston Consulting Group. For more information on Wharton or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Wharton for Consulting Perennially ranked among the top business schools in the world, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvaniaâ€"as its original name, the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, indicatesâ€"is best known for its reputation in finance, which is still the school’s largest department. However, if you are interested in a career in consulting but believe that Wharton is the program of choice for future investment bankers  only…  well,  think again! Check out these five facts about consulting at Wharton: Every year since 2005, more Wharton graduates have accepted positions in consulting than in investment banking. Wharton’s Consulting Club is one of its largest student organizations. One of Wharton’s most popular electives is “Strategy and Competitive Advantage.”  Professor Nicolaj Siggelkow, a protégé of strategy guru Michael Porter, is notorious for pushing his students to clarify their answers. But if they use trite buzzwords such as “adding value” and “frameworks,” they may find themselves in the hot seat for 30 minutes of additional questioning! In recent years, Wharton’s Consulting Club has hosted an annual case competition for first-year students; winners have been offered summer internships with such companies as Boston Consulting Group. For more information on UPenn Wharton or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Wharton for Consulting Perennially ranked among the top business schools in the world, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvaniaâ€"as its original name, the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, indicatesâ€"is best known for its reputation in finance, which is still the school’s largest department. However, if you are interested in a career in consulting but believe that Wharton is the program of choice for future investment bankers  only  well,  think again! Check out these five facts about consulting at Wharton: Every year since 2005, more Wharton graduates have accepted positions in consulting than in investment banking. Wharton’s Consulting Club is one of its largest. One of Wharton’s most popular electives is “Strategy and Competitive Advantage.” Professor Nicolaj Siggelkow, a protégé of strategy guru Michael Porter, is notorious for pushing his students to clarify their answers, but if they use trite buzzwords like “adding value” and “frameworks,” they may find themselves in the hot seat for 30 minutes of additional questioning! In recent years, Wharton’s Consulting Club has hosted an annual case competition for first-year students; winners have been offered summer internships with Boston Consulting Group. For more information on UPenn Wharton or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

The True Value Of Life Essay - 964 Words

â€Å"Worldly fame, power, and money are all great values in life; but the greatest value of all, in life, is love.† Christian muse’s to himself as he walks down the stairway of the San Francisco airport terminal. He makes his way to the taxi ward for a ride to the Sunshine cruise liner. It will be en route from San Francisco, California to Honolulu, Hawaii. It will pass through vast seas, emerald tropical islands, and reflect the beauty of the ocean life. For all this Christian will walk down its planks, as liken unto a rich man. In reality, he is a low class, paycheck to paycheck, average built, six ft. 2in. dark-haired, ordinary, country guy. He would have likely never done this, had it not been for her. Rose is the tall, slim, beautiful Thai girl that came into his life and finally, can take her hand, as they walk their way to this Pacific honeymoon. Unknown to Christian and Rose, this voyage is will bring them the adventure, Golden Ties, and love of their lifetime. Christian and Rose arrive at the cruise just before it launches. They climb on board and find their palace cabin. Just then, they heard the ship plunge into the waves of the vast ocean. Overhead, a seagull flies. Then it is gone; into the light, misty fog. Later, the seagull returns, with it, the sun, as it sets in the deep of the west. The water sparkles like prisms. Above this, is a cruise. On its deck, soaking in the sunlight, is the happiest couple alive; drinking life’s pink lemonade. They sit reminiscingShow MoreRelatedThe True Value Of Life1405 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Worldly fame, power, and money are all great values in life; but the greatest value of all, in life, is love.† Christian muse’s to himself as he walks down the stairway of the San Francisco airport terminal. He makes his way to the taxi ward for a ride to the Sunshine cruise liner. It will be en route from San Francisco, California to Honolulu, Hawaii. It will pass through vast seas, emer ald tropical islands, and reflect the beauty of the ocean life. For all this Christian will walk down its planksRead MoreHappiness Without False Happiness By William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1423 Words   |  6 Pages From not having an opportunity of experiencing challenges and hardships in life, only contentment exists without recognizing the true happiness that can be discovered in life. Often, through technology or social media different emotions and happiness are shared. From this, definitions of happiness is defined for others instead of defining independent happiness through challenges and hardships of life. In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet two young lovers were pressured from their parent’sRead MoreIntrinsic Value And Extrinsic Value Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesproperties, and acts contain values. They would fall into three categories of value: intrinsic value, extrinsic value, and both intrinsic and extrinsic value. Things containing intrinsic value means people value those things with intrinsic value for its own reason (Zimmerman). In contrast, things containing extrinsic value means the value of these things are depending on other things but not by it self. This is the basic difference between intrinsic value and extrinsic value. In addition, knowledge isRead MoreValue of Life Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesHuman life is full of meaning. As humans, we assign value to many things. However, what happens when we assign a specific value to a human life? This is the issue being presented in the article, â€Å"What is a Life Worth,† by Amanda Ripley. The government is determining a monetary value to a human life, and it does not appeal to the masses. There are many problems with the cold calculation, and most people cannot see the other side of the numbers. The economic value of a human life is calculated basedRead MoreHappiness By Robert Nozick1500 Words   |  6 PagesNoora Hosheshi Introduction In The Examined Life, philosopher Robert Nozick lists three conceptions of happiness, which he calls the ‘three forms of happiness’ (Nozick, p. 108). The third form of happiness is defined satisfaction with life as a whole--being able to look back on one s life and be satisfied with what one has done/experienced (Nozick, p. 110). He argues it is easy to understand why people long for this type of happiness, as it is pleasurable to experience in itself. This is, if evaluationRead MoreTrue North Is Leaders Essence Of Who You Are Our Deepest Beliefs, Values, And The Principles1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbook True North is leaders’ essence of who you are, your deepest beliefs, values, and the principles you lead by. It is about a leader being genuinely human at a profound level. It is an internal compass that drives a leader through life. True North is leader’s adjusting point that helps him/her stay on track. It is unique for each individual based on individual’s life stories and crucibles. True North is based on what is most important for a leader, for instance, leader’s most treasured values, passionsRead MoreHypothesis: Standard Deviation and Critical Value1740 Words   |  7 PagesProportions 1.|If the test value in the figure below is 2.57 when the critical value is 1.96, what decision about the hypothesis should be made?| A)|reject the null hypothesis | B)|accept the null hypothesis | C)|reject the alternative hypothesis | D)|not enough information | 2.|The standard error of difference is .| A)|True| B)|False| 3.|In the figure below, if the -test value is 1.43, the null hypothesis should not be rejected. | A)|True| B)|False| 4.|When hypothesizingRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Why Abortion Is Immoral Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Why Abortion is Immoral,† Marquis argues that abortion is immoral based on the premise that killing is prima facie seriously wrong primarily because the loss of life is worse than anything else. When someone dies, or killed in this case, they lose all potential for a future. 1. Killing is morally wrong because the victim has a future of value and they lose that future. 2. Therefore, killing a fetus is morally wrong. 3. Abortion kills the fetus. 4. Therefore, abortion is morally wrong. The first premiseRead MoreDefinition of depreciation, facts and causes.643 Words   |  3 Pages which means decline in price or value . Depreciation relates to fixed assets which loose value on account of usage. Therefore Depreciation means decline in value of fixed assets on account of usage. Definitions: Depreciation may be defined as the permanent and continuing diminution in the quality, quantity or the value of an asset.William Pickles Depreciation in the shrinkage in the value of an asset at a given date as compared with its value at a previous date.J.H. Burton Facts aboutRead MoreCharles Schaeffer And Friedrich Nietzsche Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagescritiqued moral values during his career. One of Nietzsche’s primary studies was on the problem of morality. However, he seems to contradict himself on the matter of values. Tansesi claims it is because of the different definitions of value - â€Å"values in a descriptive sense as that which is thought to be of value by an individual or by the members of a group, and values in a normative sense as that which is objectively of value† (652). Because of Nietzsche’s committed denial of any moral values, it would

Ayyub and the Cards Dealt to Him - 1130 Words

1. In The Man Who Had No Eyes, MacKinlay Kantor delivers through characters, symbolism, and plot, that when life gives one lemons, make lemonade. 2. Through the characters exemplified in The Man Who Had No Eyes, MacKinlay Kantor delivers the theme that one needs to move on from the past, as self-pity destroys all. 34. It doesn’t take long in the story for us to realize who the homeric pattern will almost perfectly replicate. One of Markwardt’s first actions as the beggar he is to display his arete. He displays his virtues as a beggar through asking Parsons if he â€Å"wouldn’t mind helping a poor guy out† while at the same time offering him a cheap cigarette lighter which Markwardt claims is â€Å"the best cigarette lighter ever made.†. Through the revelation of his arete, we find his hubris as well. He has been blinded by a chemical explosion, and claims with an â€Å"insane sort of pride† that â€Å"they’ve all forgotten about it.† He has a depressing ego streak a mile long, and its abundantly obvious. After a long, drawn out, and utterly false explanation of his sorrows, it slowly but surely becomes clear that this monologue is his atÄ“. Markwardt has attempted to portray himself as the victim, but in fact he was the aggressor, and the worst part of it all is that he is explaining this to the victim himself. What follows are two moments of realization, through which we also find Markwardt’s nemesis. When Parsons reveals that the story told by Markwardt is â€Å"the other way around,† the beggar

The Strong Performance Of Public Finances - 1198 Words

The strong performance of public finances in Sweden is an interesting case.Previous studies have compared the current crisis with the banking crisis in Sweden in the early 1990s to study the reason behind Sweden’s strong public finances (Flodà ©n, 2013). When comparing the macroeconomic behavior during the current crisis and during the banking crisis in the early 1990s, it showed a larger drop in GDP and in exports while unemployment increased very less during the current crisis. The absence of large increase in unemployment rate explained the strong Swedish public finances. The relatively steady employment rate is due to the aggregated demand during the current crisis remained strong, and the lower employment in the manufacturing sector was offset by the increase in private sector. Another more important factor contributed to the high employment rate during the current crisis is the Swedish fiscal policy framework, which was established after the banking crisis in 1990s. The following analysis will explain how the fiscal framework can affect the Swedish public finances. 4.2. The Swedish Fiscal Framework The Swedish Fiscal Policy Framework was established in response to the earlier banking crisis in 1990s. The main objective of the fiscal framework is to attain fiscal stability. It consists of four main parts, (i) a balanced budget requirement for municipalities and county councils, (ii) an expenditure ceiling for the central government, (iii) a top-down budget process, (iv)Show MoreRelatedEuropean Union International Monetary Fund Rescue Package1532 Words   |  7 Pagesexpected to grow in 2014, but the ratio of public debt to GDP still remains very high. Ireland’s debt-to-GDP ratio still remains one of the highest in the EU and has unemployment is in double digits, the prime minister projects the recovery to stay fragile. The review of Ireland’s economy was exposed to volatility because of the strong growth in the first nine months of 2014 and the flat performance in the beginning of 2015. The commission said the strong rate of expansion would continue into 2016Read MoreAnalyzing A Number Of Business Ratios From A Business Financial Terms1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this report is to analyse a number of business ratios from a business financial terms. We presented information about the ROA, current ratio, PE ratio etc. and provided how Tesla’s performance was in the share market. These data would be useful for investors when they make investment decisions, and it is also important to Tesla’s managements for corporation development in the future. It is recommended that it is difficult to evalua te precisely on the share price due to the incompletelyRead MoreIndependent or Third Party audit?1014 Words   |  5 Pagessystemic problems in the collection and spending of public funds, and the use of public assets, may go unnoticed, while strong government audit can be a catalyst to continual improvement in proper financial management. It can strengthen government performance and service delivery, as well as reduce opportunities for corruption. In Bangladesh, rampant public sector corruption and inefficiency provides ground for the public to see the performance of the Office of Controller and Auditor General (CAG)Read MorePEST analysis investigations1735 Words   |  7 Pages2011 has affected Oman with some, albeit relatively modest, dissent and criticism expressed in certain quarters. The Sultan has guided the country along a sound economic path with a focus on building good infrastructure and the provision of decent public services –a path, which has proved popular in spite of the lack of a democratic government, thus keeping the risk of political instability low. Government incentives to encourage local and foreign investment include tax exemptions; interest-freeRead MoreRisk Management Within The Hospital And Ensure Compliance From All Levels Of Staff1518 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement frameworks are designed to avoid losses and expenses that could impact the hospital (Moskowitz, n.d.). In Australian the financial risk management team analyses internal processes to ensure accountability and compliance with the Public Governance Performance and Accountability Act 2013 (Health.gov.au, 2015). The legislation also takes into account technological risk management including records management, information security and confidentiality (Health.gov.au, 2015). 1.7 Financial Administration:Read MoreThe Value Of The Vat Returns1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe VAT returns are on the rise as consumers increase spending on cars, furniture and white goods. The â‚ ¬341 million over performance in VAT revenues in the first 11 months of the year have to be analyzed alongside the â‚ ¬312 million corporate tax over performance in November alone. An â‚ ¬800 million surge in October shows just how corporate tax has taken off this year. With unemployment lower than anticipated, at 8.9% in November, income tax receipts were still below target in this month. The buildupRead MoreCases Questions1421 Words   |  6 Pagesperformed in recent years? In making that assessment, what benchmark(s) are you using? How do you measure investment performance? What does good performance mean to you? 2. What might explain the fund’s performance? To what extent do you believe an investment strategy, such as Miller’s, explains performance? 3. How easy will it be to sustain Miller’s historical performance record into the future? What factors support your conclusion? 4. Consider the mutual fund industry. What rolesRead MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis1521 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 13 Efficient Market Hypothesis Road Map Part A Introduction to Finance. Part B Valuation of assets, given discount rates. Part C Determination of discount rates. Part D Introduction to corporate finance. †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). †¢ Capital investment decisions (capital budgeting). †¢ Financing decisions. Main Issues †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) †¢ Empirical evidence on EMH †¢ Implications of EMH †¢ Questions and practical issues about EMH 13-2 Efficient MarketRead MoreFinancial Ratios Analysis and Comparison Paper1478 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare organizations to understand their present performance and weak areas in order to generate more effective operational strategies. Financial ratio analysis is an effective tool to determine hospital’s performance on several indicators such as ability to pay debt, capability to generate revenue, and sales performance etc. The objective of this paper is to describe role of different financial ratios in understanding organizational performance and in developing new strategy. The paper also presentsRead MoreTypes Of Organisation And Public Sector Organisations1116 Words   |  5 Pages P1 Types of Organisation Public Sector Organisations Private sector organisations Voluntary sector organisations. Under Private sector we have Sole traders, Partnership, Private Limited Company (LTD), Public Limited Company and the Franchise Under Public sector organisation we have, UK Government, Local Government, Executive Agencies, QUANGOs, State owned companies, Public sector organisations -These are organisations that are owned and run by the state or Government for the people and the taxes

Education Reforms to Improve Australian Education

Question: Discuss about theEducation Reforms to Improve Australian Education. Answer: Introduction Australia is embracing the need to have improvements on education sector (PWC, 2017). Education has been taken to be a great driver for economic growth. The performance of students in Australian schools has depreciated over time and this has created a need for educational reforms. There are many challenges facing the education industry leading to its poor quality of education (OECD, 2011). This paper will show that the government could implement various reforms that could offer much benefits to this industry. Economies with more advanced levels of education are well positioned in terms of social success, literacy level and economic growth. This study will be useful to other developed and developing economies to raise their need for education reforms. The reforms not only are intended to improve the education quality, but also to increase the accessibility and affordability (Acedo, Adams and Popa, 2012). Thus the paper will be useful in instilling confidence on parents about the futur e of their children. Most people in Australia fail to seek education to high level because of insufficiency of funds. We shall consider the various reforms the government has taken against this challenge so as to improve affordability. The paper will also create awareness to all the Australian schools to understand that they are supposed to receive funds for developing their education attainment. This would help them in making such a claim in case it fails to be delivered. Economic Analysis The article The quality reforms needed to get all Australian students ahead by Malcolm Turnbull and Simon Birmingham written in 2016 noted that this is a generation where excellence is required in the Australian schools. In some years to come, the quality of education in Australian is projected to rise and the government has committed a package towards this achievement. In order to achieve this plan, there is $73.6 billion budget meant for driving this excellence. The article noted that there are many parents who are needy and thus have no peace that their children are going to get the necessary education. Towards addressing this challenge, the government has planned to set aside an additional $1.2 billion as from 2018 to 2020 that will be dispersed on a needs-based (Goss, 2016). This will assure the parents that their children will access the necessary education irrespective of their income level; affordability will be improved. This will help in eliminating the income inequality ch ild which makes the high income group children to achieve higher quality of education and a low quality for the low income group. The article also noted that the costs of delivering education are rising every year as the economy is changing towards embracing the world globalization (OECD, 2011). This has created a rationale for the increment in funding for the Australian education sector year after year (Hewett, 2016). If extra funding will prove to raise the Australian education quality, Turnbull and Birmingham (2016) pointed out that this will be an assurance that every year the funding will be increased. Its also noted in the article that in an international assessment basis that spending by Australian on education is much higher compared to economies like Poland and the Korea. Irrespective of the high funding level, its performance has lagged behind compared to those with a lower spending (Boston, 2017). This is questioning how the extra funding is used in driving quality education. What the additional funds are used for determines the effectiveness of increased funding (Turnbull and Birmingham, 2016). This explains why the enrollment has remained low even with increased funding. The funding is lower in non-government schools but their enrollment is higher as shown below; Fig: Funding and enrollment in Australian schools. Source: ISCA (2017) It was also noted in the article that funds are used for inappropriate purposes. The student in schools have generation deficiencies that should be addressed with the available funds (Goss, 2016). The heads of schools are using the funds in developing the schools (like building pretty school gates) whereas the school could be deficient in resources necessary to promote education attainment. Recommendations to Policy Makers and Key Players The lower performance in Australian education irrespective of the increased funding is evident that the funds are not allocated to the areas where they are needed most. The action of the government on raising its funding to drive excellence is under sound intentions, but it should also ensure that the money is directed towards solving the various challenges facing this industry. Most importantly it should focus on the challenge of increasing affordability on a needs-based. Countries like Sweden and the US has a great spending per child but their performances low. They should use the argument of this paper in their allocation of funds. In order for the governments policy reforms to be effective, the problems of each child should be addressed differently; this is by collecting information on every student. The reforms would only be effective if more investment was made on research and development that would help in identifying the areas where child development is required mostly. When the government is providing funds to the Australian schools, it should specifies the primary purpose for the funds and follow up to ensure that purpose has been satisfied. The government should also audit the schools spending to ensure that the funds are not lost through greedy and corrupt school heads. Conclusion Higher funding could be a great driver of excellence if the funds are accessed on the areas that were much improvement is required. Otherwise, increased funding wont be able to achieve the governments objective. There is misallocation of funds in the Australian schools that is hindering its development. The government is not efficient in ensuring that the funds are used effective purposes only. While the government is increasing the funding, some schools may still not be able to receive the funds because of the presence of corrupt leaders. The needs-based funds are the best package that is surely expected to drive excellence in the Australian schools. References Acedo, C., Adams, D. K., Popa, S. (2012). Quality and qualities: tensions in education reforms. Rotterdam, Sense Publishers. Boston, K. (2017). Our school funding system is unfair and holding Australia back. Here's how to fix it. [Online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-13/our-school-funding-system-is-unfair-and-holding-australia-back/8435300 [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Goss, P. (2016). Let's meet in the middle on schools funding, not continue the trench warfare. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/lets-meet-in-the-middle-on-schools-funding-not-continue-the-trench-warfare-65894 [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Goss, P. (2016). Three schools reforms that will lift student outcomes. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/three-schools-reforms-that-will-lift-student-outcomes-61808 [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Hewett, J. (2016). Fronting up to tertiary education reform. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/fronting-up-to-tertiary-education-reform-20161116-gsqshs [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. ISCA (2017). Recurrent funding. [Online] Independent Schools Council of Australia. Available at: https://isca.edu.au/about-independent-schools/recurrent-funding/ [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2011). Establishing a framework for evaluation and teacher incentives: considerations for Mexico. Paris, OECD. PwC. (2017). Education Reform. [Online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com.au/education/education-reform.html [Accessed 23 Apr. 2017]. Turnbull, M. and Birmingham, S. (2016). The quality reforms needed to get all Australian students ahead. [Online] Liberal Party of Australia. Available at: https://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2016/05/01/quality-reforms-needed-get-all-australian-students-ahead [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017].

Ethical Problems in Corruption

Table of Contents Introduction Ethically-informed decisions Ethical Breaches Noble Cause Corruption Responses Ethically-sound conduct Conclusion Reference List Introduction Allegations of corruption mean different things to different people. Traditionally, has been defined as the use of position or status for personal gain. This could be in the form of an economic or other favors which may include sexual favors, among others (Martinelli Thomas, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethical Problems in Corruption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that corruption is a form of abuse of power. There are various forms of corruption in the police force, including bribery, fabrication of evidence, violence and brutality, favoritism, nepotism and even racism. In addition, others are involved in drug syndicates. Whenever police are called in, it is normally expected that they will provide solutions to the social problems or crimes. However, one form of corruption that threatens the conduct of those involved in law enforcement is the noble cause corruption. The police are normally entrusted by the society to provide security but whenever they go beyond the powers and authority vested upon them in trying to accomplish legitimate ends, it is normally referred to as â€Å"noble cause corruption† (Martinelli Thomas, 2006). Noble cause corruption is corruption committed by the law enforcement officers with good intentions in order to achieve good ends (Martinelli Thomas, 2006). It normally occurs when police officers care very much about their work and therefore violate the set ethical and legal standards in order to pursue what they consider to be in the best interest of the society. This implies that they involve in unethical behaviors in order to remove the bad guys in the society from the streets. Ethically-informed decisions Noble cause corruption is normally aimed at pro tecting the public and the police usually go out their way and involve every possible means to ensure safety of communities and streets. This might happen in cases where the law enforcement officers intend to remove suspected hard core and dangerous criminals from the streets and there is limited or no direct evidence linking them to the present crimes.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The law enforcement officers therefore might have engaged in evidence fabrication in order to ensure that such criminal is convicted. Thus Bacon’s officers might have offered bribes to witnesses or judges for the moral good of the society. The law enforcement officers may have involved in lying in courts or evidence fabrications in order to prevent looming future crimes. The police may have had clues about serious crime about to be committed since they are able to intercept commun ications and therefore apprehend those they suspect to be responsible for the plotting of the crimes. This, they might have done without acquiring arrest warrants due to the quick response that they needed. This enabled the police to scatter the plans by the criminals and hence helped protect the public. Since they might not have been able to gather the amount of evidence required to convict such individuals they were therefore forced to use testimonial deception in order to challenge the victims and their lawyers and secure conviction for such individuals. Bacon’s officers might have offered bribes to other government officials to prove allegations of corruption against the individuals. They might have used under cover police officers to help bribe such individuals as part of anti-corruption strategies. This enabled the police to help convict such individuals who are supposed to offer services to the public but instead had chosen to use their positions for personal gain. Thi s implies that the police at her department might have applied noble cause corruption to achieve moral good for the society. Police officers might have offered bribes to civilians or other government officials in order to acquire crucial evidence necessary for conviction of criminals in the society. This in itself might have been wrong but it enabled her police officers to collect factual evidence that was used to prove criminal acts that such individuals might have been engaged in.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethical Problems in Corruption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bribes might have also been offered to civilians to help arrest dangerous criminals in the society. Individuals who had crucial information about the whereabouts of some suspected criminals or who might have been in possession of information that could lead to the arrest of suspects might have been bribed to help protect the society. The law enforcement officers might have engaged noble cause corruption activities such as torture in order to acquire vital information from the suspected criminals or even evidence from them. This might have included torturing the suspected criminals to discover the whereabouts of other criminals, who were likely to cause harm, kill or steal from innocent people. They might have also engaged in torture of suspected criminals to discover the location of a bomb or the bomb targets so as to help evacuating the public from the targeted areas or to destroy the bomb before it explodes. Bacon’s officers might have engaged in noble corruption in trying to secure release of innocent civilians from the hands of kidnappers. Ethical Breaches The notion that in a court of law, it is normally the suspects’ arguments against the amount of evidenced presented before the courts have greatly contributed to noble cause corruption (FritzPatrick, 2006). However, this leads to ethical brea ches in the judiciary and the police. Noble cause corruption leads to the question of moral responsibility of the police force. Continued noble cause corruption may become habitual in the police force and therefore leading to moral deficiency in the department. Besides, those normally corrupted to give false evidence, to provide crucial information that can be used as evidence or help trace criminals normally learn to justify corrupt acts since those entrusted with authority to fight corruption are involved in corruption. Secondly, each person has a right to a private and confidential life. This implies that the standards of practice applied in collecting evidence against suspected criminals by use of noble cause corruption may infringe these rights. This may be in such cases where the police bribe other individuals to provide them with the individual’s private life. Police officers also sometimes break into suspects homes without acquiring arrest warrants to collect crucial evidence against the suspects. Intrusive surveillance to collect evidence on the suspected criminal also infringes the suspects’ rights of confidentiality.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every citizen including the criminal suspects have the right of autonomy. All the forms of coercion that the law enforcement officers employ to get evidence or information from criminals are morally unethical and may harm the suspect since they may involve the use of deadly force (Klockars, 1980). Bribing individuals to provide false evidence against suspects in a court of law is against the ethical standards of practice set by the government. The standard ethical principles require that employees be honest in performing their duties. However acts of noble corruption involve dishonesty. Besides, acts of noble corruption are acts of impartial treatment of suspects which is against the government’s standards of ethical practice. Noble cause corruption acts also deny suspects the freedom to live in a free society without intimidation since most of the suspects are usually convicted for longer terms. Noble Cause Corruption Responses The question normally arise as to when achievin g the morally good results to the society justifies the use unethical or legal but dangerous means. To some extent the complex situations that require quip responses are bound to put the police in uncompromising situations that require them to involve dirty means. However according to Klockars (1980), the more the police want the criminals to be punished, the more they should obey the law. Secondly, those heading the department need to eliminate any forms of arrests quotas that put pressure on the law enforcements officers to exaggerate or tamper with the evidence in order to ensure conviction of criminals in their efforts to please their bosses (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). It is also important that police supervisors foster in the police officers a value driven culture that ensures compliance with the law. The supervisors need to that ensure that the police respect the rights of all citizens. The law enforcement officers also need to be trained to operate within the law no m atter how compromising the situations might be (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). However, the challenge is how to convince police officers who truly believe in and use their values to guide them in achieving the moral good of the society that they can compromise their values because of the rules. According to Klockars, (1980), the problem arises in cases when the existing laws frustrate achievement of morally desirable outcomes. Secondly, it may increase the number of real criminals who go free due to inadequate evidence or lack of proper evidence linking the criminals to the crimes. This would serious compromise security situations in the country. It would also lead to more complaints and protests from the public arguing that the police force has failed in their duty of protecting the public. Ethically-sound conduct In ensuring a secure society for the citizens, the law enforcement officers must act in accordance with the law and the standard of code of policing ethics as set by the government. This implies that police officers must act within the law and ensure that their actions and behaviors are morally right (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). It is also important that the police officers put into considerations the will of the society in their actions. It is important that those entrusted with the duty of enforcing the laws of the country ensure transparency and accountability in their actions (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). Police administrators as well as supervisors should establish internal means that ensure cover-up activities do not occur within the force. Police chiefs and heads of departments within the police force have to commit themselves to providing annual ethics training to police officers so as to limit the possibility of the police engaging in noble cause corruption (Thomas and Martinelli, 2006). This would enable the police force avoid citizens distrust as a result of what they perceive to be abuse of their authority. Conclusion Al l those entrusted with the authority to enforce laws and provide security to the citizen need engage in actions which are morally upright, in accordance with the laws of the country and are compliant to the wills of the society. Their actions should consider the rights of all citizens in the country. Reference List FritzPatrick, D. P. (2006).Moving beyond the noble cause paradigm: Providing a unified theory of ethics for 21st century American policing: Forum on public policy. A Journal of the Oxford Round Table.CBS Interactive 2010. Web. Klockars, C. (1980). The dirty Harry problem: The Annals 452 (Nov.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. Martinelli, J.D., Thomas, J. (2006). The police chief. International Association of  Chiefs of Police, 73(10). U.S. Department of Justice, (2001). Principles for promoting police integrity, Examples of promising police practice. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. This term paper on Ethical Problems in Corruption was written and submitted by user Libby Blake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History The Modern Olympic Games began in 1896, 1,503 years after the ancient Olympics were abolished. Held every four years- with a few exceptions (during  World War I  and  World War II)- these Games have brought camaraderie across borders and around the world. The athletes within each of these Olympic Games have undergone hardship and struggle. Some overcame poverty, while others overcame sickness and injury. Yet each gave their all and competed to see who was the fastest, strongest and best in the world. Discover the unique story of each of the Olympic Games. 1896 Athens Olympics The first Modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece during the first weeks of April 1896. The 241 athletes who competed represented only 14 countries and wore their athletic club uniforms instead of national uniforms. Of the 14 countries in attendance, eleven have officially been declared in awards records: Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.   1900 Paris Olympics The second Modern Olympic Games took place in Paris from May to October 1900 as part of the World Exhibition. The games were riddled with disorganization and were under-publicized. 997 athletes from 24 countries competed.   1904 St. Louis Olympics The  Games of the III Olympiad were held in St. Louis, Mo. from August to  September 1904. Due to tensions from the  Russo-Japanese War and complications in getting to the United States, only 62 of the 650 athletes who competed came from outside North America. Only  12 to 15 nations were represented.   Unofficial 1906 Athens Olympics Intended to reinvigorate interest in the Olympic Games after the 1900 and 1904 games yielded little fanfare, the Athens Games of 1906 were the first and only Intercalated Games, which had been meant to exist every four years (between regular Games) and only take place in Athens, Greece.  The president of the Modern Olympics declared the 1906 Games unofficial after the fact.   1908 London Olympics Originally slated for Rome, the fourth official Olympic Games was moved to London in the wake of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. These games were the first to feature an opening ceremony and considered the most organized yet.   1912 Stockholm Olympics The fifth official Olympic Games featured the use of electric timing devices and a public address system for the first time. Over 2,500 athletes competed representing 28 countries. These games are still heralded as one of the most organized to date.   The 1916 Olympics Due to rising tensions of World War I, the Games were canceled. They were originally scheduled for Berlin.   1920 Antwerp Olympics The VII Olympiad took place immediately after World War I, resulting in several countries decimated by the war not being able to compete. These Games marked the first appearance of the Olympic flag. 1924 Paris Olympics At the request and honor of retiring IOC president and founder  Pierre de  Coubertin, the  VIII Olympiad was held in his home city of Paris from May to July 1924. The first Olympic Village and Olympic Closing Ceremony marked new features of these Games.   1928 Amsterdam Olympics The IX Olympiad featured several new games, including gymnastics for women and mens track and field events, but most notably the IOC added the Olympics Torch and lighting ceremonies to the Games repertoire this year.  3,000 athletes from  46 countries participated.   1932 Los Angeles Olympics With the world currently experiencing the effects of the Great Depression, traveling to California for the X Olympiad seemed insurmountable, resulting in low response rates from countries invited. Domestic ticket sales also did poorly despite a small bump from celebrities who volunteered to entertain the crowds. Only 1,300 athletes participated, representing 37 countries.   1936 Berlin Olympics Without knowing Hilter would rise to power, the IOC awarded Berlin the Games in 1931.  This sparked international debate about boycotting the Games, but 49 countries ended up competing. These were the first televised games.   The Olympics in 1940 and 1944 Originally slated for  Tokyo, Japan, threats to boycott due to Japans war-mongering and Japans concern the Games would distract from their military goal led to the IOC  awarding  Helsinki, Finland the Games. Unfortunately, due to the outbreak of WWII in 1939, the games were canceled altogether. The IOC did not schedule a 1944 Olympic Games because of World War IIs continued devastation around the world.   1948 London Olympics Despite much debate over whether to continue the Games after World War II, the XIV Olympiad was held in London from July to August 1948 with a few post-war modifications. Japan and Germany, the aggressors of WWII, were not invited to compete. The Soviet Union, though invited, declined to participate.   1952 Helsinki Olympics The XV Olympiad in Helsinki, Finland saw the addition of the Soviet Union,  Israel, and the Peoples Republic of China to countries competing.  The Soviets set up their own Olympic Village for Eastern Bloc athletes and a feeling of east versus west mentality permeated the atmosphere of these Games.   1956 Melbourne Olympics These games were held in November and December as the first Games to take place in the Southern Hemisphere. Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon protest the Games because of Israels invasion of Egypt and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland boycotted because of the Soviet Unions invasion of Budapest, Hungary.   1960 Rome Olympics The XVII Olympiad in Rome returned the Games to their origin country for the first time in over 50 years due to the relocation of the 1908 Games. It was also the first time the Games were fully televised and the first time the Olympic Anthem was used. This was the last time South Africa was allowed to compete for 32 years (until apartheid ended).   1964 Tokyo Olympics The  XVIII Olympiad marked the first use of computers to keep results of competitions and the first games South Africa was barred from for its racist policy of apartheid.  5,000 athletes competed from 93 countries.  Indonesia and  North Korea did not participate.   1968 Mexico City The Games of the XIX Olympiad were marred by political unrest. 10 days before the Opening Ceremony,  the Mexican army shot over 1,000 student protestors, killing 267 of them. The Games continued with little comment on the issue, and during an award ceremony for winning Gold and Bronze for the 200-meter race, two U.S. athletes raised a single black-gloved hand in salute to the Black Power movement, resulting in being barred from the Games.   1972 Munich Olympics The XX Olympiad is most remembered for the Palestinian terrorist attack that resulted in the death of 11 Israeli athletes. Despite this, the Opening Ceremonies continued a day later than scheduled and 7,000 athletes from 122 countries competed.   1976 Montreal Olympics 26 African countries boycotted the XXI Olympiad due to New Zealand playing independent rugby games against still-apartheid South Africa in the years leading up to the 1976 Games.  Accusations (mostly unproven) were waged against several athletes suspected of using anabolic steroids to enhance performance. 6,000 athletes competed representing only 88 countries.   1980 Moscow Olympics The XXII Olympiad marks the first and only Games to take place in Eastern Europe.  65 countries boycotted the games due to the Soviet Unions war in Afghanistan.  An Olympic Boycott Games known as the Liberty Bell Classic was held at the same time in Philadelphia to host competitors from those countries who boycotted.   1984 Los Angeles Olympics In response to the United States boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games, the Soviet Union and 13  other countries boycotted the Los Angeles-based XXIII Olympiad.  These Games also saw the return of China for the first time since 1952.   1988 Seoul Olympics Angered that the IOC did not nominate them to co-host the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, North Korea attempted to rally countries in a boycott but only succeeded in convincing allies  Ethiopia, Cuba, and Nicaragua. These Games marked a return to their international popularity. 159 countries competed, represented by 8,391 athletes.   1992 Barcelona Olympics Because of a ruling in 1994 by the IOC to make the Olympic Games (including Winter Games) occur in alternating even-numbered years, this was the last year both Summer and Winter Olympic Games took place in the same year.  It was also the first since 1972 to be unaffected by boycotts.  9,365 athletes competed, representing 169 countries. Nations of the former Soviet Union joined under The Unified  Team consisting of 12 of the former 15 republics.   1996 Atlanta Olympics The XXVI Olympiad marked the centennial of the Games founding in 1896.  was the first to occur without government support, which led to a commercialization of the Games. A pipe bomb that exploded in  Atlantas Olympic Park killed two people, but motive and perpetrator were never determined. A record 197 countries and 10,320 athletes competed.   2000 Sydney Olympics Praised as one of the best games in Olympic history, the XXVII Olympiad played host to 199 countries and was relatively unaffected by the controversy of any type.  The United States earned the most medals, followed by Russia, China, and Australia.   2004 Athens Olympics Security and terrorism were at the center of preparation for the XXVIII Olympiad in Athens, Greece due to the rising international conflict in the wake of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.  These Games saw the rise of Michael Phelps, who earned 6 gold medals in swimming events.   2008 Beijing Olympics Despite protests for host Chinas actions in Tibet, the XXIX Olympiad continued as planned. 43 world and 132 Olympic records were set by 10,942 athletes representing 302 National Olympics Committees (countries organized into one represented team). Of those who competed in the Games, an impressive 86 countries medaled (earned at least one medal) at these Games.   2012 London Olympics Becoming the hosts with the most, Londons XXX Olympiad marked the most times a single city has hosted the Games (1908, 1948 and 2012).  Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time with additions from the year totaling 22 career Olympic medals. The United States earned the most medals, with China and Great Britain taking second and third place.   2016 Rio De Janeiro Olympics The XXXI Olympiad marked the first competition for new entrants  South Sudan, Kosovo, and the Refugee Olympic Team.  Rio is the first South American country to host the Olympic Games.  Instability of the countrys government, pollution of its bay, and a Russian doping scandal-marred preparation for the Games. The United States earned its 1,000th Olympic medal during these games and earned the most of the XXIV Olympiad, followed by Great Britain and China. Brazil finished 7th overall. 2020 Tokyo Olympics The IOC awarded Tokyo, Japan the XXXII Olympiad on September 7, 2013. Istanbul and Madrid were also up for candidacy. The games are scheduled to begin July 24 and end August 9, 2020.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

International Business - Essay Example As the manager says, majority of the bottles are not originally made by the company. This reduces the cost of operations as they enter the new markets that make them to offer low priced products to the consumers hence attracting more sales than the competitors (Bradley, 2005). The company also uses well established names in the industry in form of franchising. This makes them to reduce the competition levels in the new acquisitions as the firm establishes on how to become stable in those economies. Coca cola also provides for joint ventures with the established firms. The firms are allowed to have substantial shares by contributing funds which provides the capital for investment and compete in the respective markets. From the strategies mentioned above, the company will offer reduced prices for the consumers and the forces of demand and supply will make us more prices reasonable in the market. While venturing onto the new countries, the organization ensured there was differentiation on the products (Bradley, 2005). This provided a wide consumer choice in the market that attracted more customers to our products increasing our sales on the respective countries. The company also provides unique products with unique logos that ensure customers do not confuse the organization products. The products are then taken through various promotional activities like in the media advertisements, open sales that are used to popularize the products in the market. Many nations do not allow free trade since they always wants to protect the local products. As a result we operate different distributions channels to ensure we exist all over the world. We recruit different organizations inform of franchised distribution channels. These firms are legalized and operate in our behalf to sale our products within the respective countries. There are also bottler firms who are situated in various countries (Bradley, 2005). To break the barriers, we

Scientist Leonardo da Vinci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scientist Leonardo da Vinci - Essay Example Da Vinci's art was an integral part of his science, and a way to enact the scientific discoveries that he was unlocking at the time. Leonardo da Vinci would immerse himself deeply in the observation of nature, and through meticulous study uncover the mysteries behind it. Still, it has been only recently that Da Vinci's scientific work has gained the recognition that it deserves, and the importance of his science continues to be revealed today. Leonardo Da Vinci was many things and had many talents, but when taken together he was first and foremost one of the most renowned scientists in the history of the new world. One of the most important features about Da Vinci the Scientist is that Leonardo considered himself a scientist above all, and all his other endeavors were supporting of his understanding of science. The fact that he considered himself a scientist first can be seen in one of his most famous works of art, the Vitruvian Man. While it is fundamentally a work of art, it combines anatomy, proportion, and geometry in an effort to link man, nature, and science. In Da Vinci's version of the Vitruvian Man, he had "developed an obsession with the infinity of geometric transformation as exhibited by his attempt to square the circle" and the image he created was of a female figure with "many of the traits still deemed ideal" (Papel, Thieme, and Frodel 97-98). The image is still used by the scientific and medical community as a point of reference for form and proportion. In this way, da Vinci had found a scientific expression for the beauty of the human body that has stood the test of centuries. To da Vinci, this was not simply art, but was more importantly a work of science containing a myriad of different disciplines. Understanding the importance of da Vinci as a scientist requires an understanding of how far ahead he was of the scientific thinking of the time. Da Vinci was one of the first and foremost proponents of the scientific method. A recent exhibit of "The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci" presented at Hampden-Sydney College noted that da Vinci, the scientist, "recorded his observations meticulously and sought explanations by comparing one natural phenomenon with another. He conducted experiments to test and verify his hypotheses, recognizing that observations and experiments had to be repeated many times before generalized conclusions could be drawn" (Hampden-Sydney College). This approach to the study of nature fundamentally changed the ways in which the scientific community approached a problem and sough to gain truth. His careful observation of nature, the application to his inventions, and the revolutionary thinking is evidenced by his flying machines. In 1483 da Vinci designed a compl ex machine capable of hovering that would become a helicopter 500 years later (Castillo, Lozano, and Dzul 4). According to Anderson, "Interest in the 'proper' shape for an airfoil dates as far back as the late 15th century and Leonardo da Vinci's ornithopter designs" (304). These designs reflected da Vinci's scientific understanding of nature, and his drawings were merely his method of modeling and recording the science. In addition to being centuries ahead of the science and the scientists of his day, da Vinci was also one of the most prolific scientists in history. His scientific endeavors covered

Detecting Complex Image Data Using Data Mining Techniques

Detecting Complex Image Data Using Data Mining Techniques Detecting complex image data using data mining techniques IMRAN KHAN ABSTRACT The Internet, computer networks and information are vital resources of current information trend and their protection has increased in importance in current existence. The intrusion detection system (IDS) plays a vital role to monitors vulnerabilities in network and generates alerts when found attacks. Today the educational network services increasing day today so that IDS becomes essential for security on internet. The Intrusion data classification and detection process is very complex process in network security. In current network security scenario various types of Intrusion attack are available some are known attack and some are unknown attack. The attack of know Intrusion detection used some well know technique such as signature based technique and rule based technique. In case of unknown Intrusion attack of attack detection is various challenging task. In current trend of Intrusion detection used some data mining technique such as classification and clustering. The process of c lassification improves the process of detection of Intrusion. In this dissertation used graph based technique for Intrusion classification and detection. This dissertation proposes efficient intrusion detection architecture which named IDS using improved ensemble techniques (IDSIET). The IDSIET contains a new improved algorithm of attribute reduction which combines rough set theory and a method of establishing multiple rough classifications and a process of identifying intrusion data. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of proposed architecture. Our proposed work is implemented in MATLAB .for implementation purpose write various function and script file for implementation of our proposed architecture. For the test of our hybrid method, we used DARPA KDDCUP99 dataset. This data set is basically set of network intrusion and host intrusion data. This data provided by UCI machine learning website. Proposed method compare with exiting ensemble techniques and generate the improved ensemble technique to getting better result such as detection rate, precision and recall value. Keywords- Intrusion Detection System (IDS), IDSIET, Neural Network, rough set theory, Network Security, MATALAB, KDDCUP99 Dataset. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE Comparison with linear scale-space representation While not being used explicitly in SURF, we take interest here in the approximation of Gaussian kernels by box filters to understand the advantages and the limitations of the SURF approach. 3.1 Scale-space representation linear scale space The linear scale-space representation of a real valued image u : R2 7→ R defined on a continuous domain is obtained by a convolution with the Gaussian kernel uÏÆ' := GÏÆ' âˆâ€"u (1) where GÏÆ' is the centered, isotropic and separable 2-D Gaussian kernel with variance ÏÆ'2 ∀(x,y) ∈R2, GÏÆ'(x,y) := 1 2Ï€ÏÆ'2 e−x2+y2 2ÏÆ'2 = gÏÆ'(x)gÏÆ'(y) and gÏÆ'(x) = 1 √2π ·ÃÆ'e− x2 2ÏÆ'2 . (2) The variable ÏÆ' is usually referred to as the scale parameter. Discrete scale space In practice, for the processing of a numerical image u, this continuous filter is approximated using regular sampling, truncation and normalization: ∀i,j ∈J−K,KK GÏÆ'(i,j) = 1 CK GÏÆ'(i,j) , where CK = K Xi,j =−K GÏÆ'(i,j). (3) The scale variable ÏÆ' is also sampled, generally using a power law, as discussed later in  § 3.2. Discrete box space Making use of the aforementioned box filter technique, such a multi-scale representation can be (very roughly) approximated using a box filter with square domain Γ = J−Î ³,ÃŽ ³KÃâ€"J−Î ³,ÃŽ ³K uÃŽ ³ := 1 (2ÃŽ ³ + 1)2 BΓ âˆâ€"u. (4) The question now is how to set the parameter ÃŽ ³ ∈ N to get the best approximation of Gaussian zoom-out. Second moment comparison One may for instance choose to match the second order moment ÏÆ'2 of the 1D Gaussian gÏÆ' and the variance of the corresponding box filter, as suggested by [7]. This leads to the relation ÏÆ'2 ÃŽ ³ = ÃŽ ³ Xi =−Î ³ i2 2ÃŽ ³ + 1 = (2ÃŽ ³ + 1)2 −1 12 = ÃŽ ³(ÃŽ ³ + 1) 3 , (5) where ÏÆ'2 ÃŽ ³ is the variance of the centered 1D box filter with width 2ÃŽ ³ + 1. Thus, for large values of filter size (ÃŽ ³ 1), we get approximately ÏÆ'ÃŽ ³ ≈ ÃŽ ³ √3 ≈ 0.58ÃŽ ³. Since ÃŽ ³ ∈ N takes integer values, ÏÆ'ÃŽ ³and ÏÆ' cannot match exactly in general. Moreover, due to the anisotropy of the box filter in 2D, it is impossible to match the covariance matrices. SURF scale parameter analogy Note that box filters are only used to approximate first and second order of Gaussian derivatives in SURF algorithm, and not to approximate Gaussian filtering like in [7]. However, when considering the approximation of second order Gaussian derivative Dxx GÏÆ'(x,y) = Dxx gÏÆ'(x)Ãâ€"gÏÆ'(y) = 1 ÏÆ'22 ÏÆ'2 −1gÏÆ'(x)Ãâ€"gÏÆ'(y) By these condition order box filter operator DLxx, we can see that the1D Gaussian filter gÏÆ'(y) is approximated by 1D box filter with parameter ÃŽ ³ = L−1 2. The authors of SURF claim that the corresponding Gaussian scale is ÏÆ' = 1.2 3 L ≈ 0.8ÃŽ ³for ÃŽ ³ 1, which is close but dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent to the value given by Formula (5): ÏÆ'ÃŽ ³ ≈ 0.58ÃŽ ³. Other analogies could have been made for scale variables, for instance by considering zero crossing of second order derivative of Gaussians, second moment of Gaussian derivatives, mean-square error minimization, but each one provides dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent relations. In conclusion, defining a relation between the box parameters (L and `(L)) and the Gaussian scale variable ÏÆ' seems quite arbitrary. Visual comparison Figure 8 illustrates the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence between the linear scale-space representation obtained by Gaussian filtering and the box-space, that is its approximation by box-filters when using relation (5). While being roughly similar, the approximated scale-space exhibits some strong vertical and horizontal artifacts due to the anisotropy and the high frequencies of the box kernels. Again, while it is not being used explicitly in SURF, these artifacts may explain some of the spurious detections of the SURF approach that will be exhibited later on. 3.2 Box-space sampling Because of the dentition of first and second order box filters, the size parameter L cannot be chosen arbitrarily. The sampling values and the corresponding variables used to mimic the linear scale space analysis. The following paragraphs give more detailed explanations. Octave decomposition Alike most multi-scale decomposition approaches (see e.g. [13, 15]), the box-space discretization in SURF relies on dyadic sampling of the scale parameter L. The box length representation is therefore divided into octaves (similarly to SIFT [14, 13]), which are indexed by parameter o ∈{1,2,3,4}, where a new octave is created for every doubling of the kernel size. Note that, in order to save computation time, the filtered image is generally sub-sampled of factor two at every octave, as done for instance by SIFT [14]. As pointed out by the author of SURF [2], sub-sampling is not necessary with the use of box filters, since the computation time complexity does not depends on scale. However, while not being explicitly stated in the original paper [2], but as done in most implementations we have reviewed (for instance, this approximation is used in [3] but not in [5]), we choose to use sub-sampling to speed up the algorithm. More precisely, instead of evaluating the multi-scale operators at each pixel, we use a sampling†step† which depends on the octave level (this sampling is detailed in the next sections). Note that this strategy is consistent with the fact that the number of features is decreasing with respect to scale. Level sampling Each octave is also divided in several levels (indexed here by the parameter i ∈ {1,2,3,4}). In the usual discrete scale space analysis, these levels correspond directly to the desired sampling of the scale variable ÏÆ', which parametrizes the discretized Gaussian kernels GÏÆ' (see definition in Eq. (16)). In SURF, the relation between scale L, octave o and level i variables is L := 2o i + 1 . (6) These values are summarized in Table 2. Note that because of the non-maxima suppression involved in the feature selection, only intermediate levels are actually used to define interest points and local descriptors (i ∈{2,3}). On comparison of the box space and the linear scale space. (Top) Convolution with squared and centered box filters with radii ÃŽ ³ = 5 and ÃŽ ³ = 20 (respectively from left to right). (Middle) Corresponding Gaussian filters with respective scales ÏÆ'5 ≈ 3.16 and ÏÆ'20 ≈ 11.83, according to formula (5). Dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence between Gaussian and Box filters (using a linear transform for visualization). We can see here that the box space is a rough approximation of the Gaussian scale space, that exhibits some artifacts due to the anisotropy and the high frequencies of the box kernels. Scale analogy with linear scale space As discussed before in Section 3.1, we can define a scale analysis variable by analogy with the linear scale space decomposition. In [2], the scale parameter ÏÆ'(L) associated with octave o and level i is obtained by the following relation ÏÆ'(L) := 1.2 3(2o Ãâ€"i + 1) = 0.4L. (7) Since the relation between the scale ÏÆ'(L) of an interest point is linear in the size parameter L of box filters operators, we shall speak indià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erently of the former or the latter to indicate the scale. Remark A finer scale-space representation could be obtained (i.e. with sub-pixel values of L) using a bilinear interpolation of the image, as suggested in [2]. This is not performed in the proposed implementation. 3.3 Comparison with Gaussian derivative operators 3.3.1 First order operators The first order box filters DL x and DL y defined at scale L are approximations of the first derivatives of Gaussian kernel at the corresponding scale ÏÆ'(L) (see Eq. (7)), respectively corresponding to Dx GÏÆ'(x,y) = − x ÏÆ'2(L) GÏÆ'(x,y) and Dy GÏÆ'(x,y). These operators are used for local feature description, in detailed we compares the first order box filter impulse response with the discretized Gaussian derivative kernel. DL x ÃŽ ´ (Eq. (6)) Dx GÏÆ'(L) Illustration of the discrete derivative operator DL x (defined in Section 2.3.1) and discretization of the Gaussian derivative kernel Dx GÏÆ'(L) when using scale relation ÏÆ'(L) from Eq. (7). 3.3.2 The second order operators Second order dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erential operators are computed in the scale-space for the detection of interest points [9, 10]. In the linear scale-space representation, this boils down to the convolution with second derivatives of Gaussian kernels Dxx GÏÆ'(x,y) = 1 ÏÆ'22 ÏÆ'2 −1GÏÆ'(x,y), Dyy GÏÆ', and Dxy GÏÆ'(x,y) = xy ÏÆ'4 GÏÆ'(x,y). (8) In the SURF approach, the convolution with theses kernels are approximated by second order box filters, previously introduced respectively as DL xx, DL yy , and DL xy . A visual comparison between second order derivatives of Gaussian and their analogous with box filters. These operators are required for local feature selection step in section 4. 3.3.3 Scale Normalization According to [12], dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erential operators have to be normalized when applied in linear scale space in order to achieve scale invariance detection of local features. More precisely, as it can be seen from Equation (21), the amplitude of the continuous second order Gaussian derivative filters decreases with scale variable ÏÆ' by a factor 1 ÏÆ'2. To balance this eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect, second order operators are usually normalized by ÏÆ'2, so that we get for instance (a) (b) (c) (d) On comparison of second order box filters and second order derivative of Gaussian kernels. (a) operator DL yy; (b) discretizedsecondorderGaussianderivative D2 y GÏÆ'; (c) operator DL xy; (d) discretized second order Gaussian derivative Dxy GÏÆ'; For comparison purpose, we used again the scale relation ÏÆ'(L) from Eq. (7). †¢ the scale-normalized determinant of Hessian operator: DoHÏÆ' (u) :=uÏÆ' −(Dxy uÏÆ')2; (9) †¢ the scale-normalized Laplacian operator: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃÆ' u := ÏÆ'2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬   uÏÆ' = ÏÆ'2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬   GÏÆ' âˆâ€"u = ÏÆ'2(Dxx + Dyy)GÏÆ' âˆâ€"u = ÏÆ'2(Dxx uÏÆ' + Dyy uÏÆ'), (10) where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃÆ' GÏÆ'(x,y) = ÏÆ'2(Dxx +Dyy)à ¢- ¦GÏÆ'(x,y) =x2+y2 ÏÆ'2 −1GÏÆ'(x,y) is the multi-scale Laplacian of Gaussian. Observe that this operator can be obtained from the Trace of the scalenormalized Hessian matrix. These two operators are widely used in computer vision for feature detection. They are also approximatedinSURF,asdetailedinthenextsections. Asaconsequence, suchascale-normalization is also required with box filters to achieve similar invariance in SURF. To do so, the authors proposed that amplitude of operators DL xx , DL yy , and DL xy should be reweighted so that the l2 norms of normalized operators become constant over scales. The quadratic l2 norm of operators are estimated from the squared Frobenius norm of impulse responses kDL xxk2 2 := kDL xx ÃŽ ´k2 F = kDL yy ÃŽ ´k2 F =1 + 1 + (−1)2L(2L−1) = 6L(2L−1), so that kDL xxk2 2 ≈ 12L2 when L=1, and kDL xyk2 2 := kDL xy ÃŽ ´k2 F =1 + 1 + (−1)2 + (−1)2LÃâ€"L = 4L2. This means that box filters responses should be simply divided by the scale parameter L to achieve scale invariance detection. Interest point detection: In the previous sections, second order operators based on box filters have been introduced. These operators are multi-scale and may be normalized to yield scale invariant response. We will now take interest in their use for multi-scale local feature detection. Once the integral image has been computed, three consecutive steps are performed which are detailed in the following sections: 1. Feature filtering based on a combination of second order box filters; 2. Feature selection is combining non-maxima suppression and thresholding; 3. Scale-space location refinement ( § 4.3) using second order interpolation. This interest point detection task is summarized in Algorithm 1. Step-1 Filtering Image by Integration: Integral image and box filters Let u be the processed digital image defined over the pixel grid à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = [0,N-1]Ãâ€"[0.M-1], where M and N are positive integers. In the following, we only consider quantized gray valued images (taking values in the range [0; 255]), which is the simplest way to achieve robustness to color modifications, such as a white balance correction. The integral image of I for(x,y) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ is Flow Diagram: Figure3.1: showing the flow chart of the process for object detection Step 2: Point Detection: During the detection step, the local maxima in the box-space of the determinant of Hessian† operator are used to select interest point candidates. These candidates are then validated if the response is above a given threshold. Both the scale and location of these candidates are then refined using quadratic fitting. Typically, a few hundred interest points are detected in a megapixel image. input: image u, integral image U, octave o, level i output: DoHL(u) function Determinant_of_Hessian (U; o; i) L 2oi + 1 (Scale variable, Eq. (19)) for x := 0 to M à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 1, step 2oà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 do (Loop on columns) for y := 0 to N à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 1, step 2oà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 do (Loop on rows) DoHL(u)(x; y) Formula (24) (with (4), (10) and (11)) end for end for return DoHL(u) end function Algo input: image u output: listKeyPoints (Initialization) U IntegralImage(u) (Eq. (1)) (Step 1: filtering of features) for L 2 f3; 5; 7; 9; 13; 17; 25; 33; 49; 65g do (scale sampling) DoHL(u) Determinant_of_Hessian (U; L) end for (Step 2: selection and refinement of keypoints) for o := 1 to 4 do (octave sampling) for i := 2 to 3 do (levels sampling for maxima location) L -> 2o i + 1 listKeyPoints -> listKeyPoints + KeyPoints(o; i;DoHL(u)) end for end for return listKeyPoints So that the scale normalization factor C(L) for second order box filters should be proportional to 1 L2 However, the previous normalization is only true when L1. Indeed, while we have kDxxGÏÆ'k2 2 kDxyGÏÆ'k2 2 = 3 at any scale ÏÆ', this is not exactly true with box filters, where: kDL xxk2 2 kDL xyk2 2 = 3(2L−1) 2L ≈ 3 when L1. To account for this dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence in normalization for small scales, while keeping the same (fast) un-normalized box filters, the author of SURF introduced in Formula (24) a weight factor: w(L) = kDL xxk2 kDL xyk2  ·kDxyGÏÆ'k2 kDxxGÏÆ'k2 =r2L−1 2L . (26) The numerical values of this parameter are listed in the last column of Table 2. As noticed by the authors of SURF, the variable w(L) does not vary so much across scales. This is the resaon why the weighting parameter w in Eq. (10) is fixed to w(3) = 0.9129. Feature selection: In our methodology, interest points are defined as local maxima of the aforementioned DoHL operator applied to the image u. These maxima are detected by considering a 3 Ãâ€" 3 Ãâ€" 3 neighborhood, andperforminganexhaustivecomparisonofeveryvoxelofthediscretebox-spacewith its 26 nearest-neighbors. The corresponding feature selection procedure is described in Algorithm 3. Algorithm 3 Selection of features input: o,i,DoHL(u) (Determinant of Hessian response at octave o and level i) output: listKeyPoints (List of keypoints in box space with sub-pixel coordinates (x,y,L)) function KeyPoints (o,i,DoHL(u)) L ↠ 2oi + 1 for x := 0 to M −1, step 2o−1 do (Loop on columns) for y = 0 to N −1, step 2o−1 do (Loop on rows) if DoHL(u)(x,y) > tH then (Thresholding) if isMaximum (DoHL(u),x,y) then (Non-maximum suppression) if isRefined (DoHL(u),x,y,L) then addListKeyPoints (x,y,L) end if end if end if end for end for return listKeyPoints end function Remark A faster method has been proposed in [21] to find the local maxima without exhaustive search, which has been not implemented for the demo. Thresholding: Using four octaves and two levels for analysis, eight dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent scales are therefore analyzed (see Table 2 in Section 3.2). In order to obtain a compact representation of the image -and also to cope with noise perturbation- the algorithm selects the most salient features from this set of local maxima. This is achieved by using a threshold tH on the response of the DoHL operator DoHL(u)(x,y) > tH . (27) Note that, since the operator is scale-normalized, the threshold is constant. In the demo, this threshold has been set to 10 assuming that the input image u takes values in the intervalJ0,255K. This setting enables us to have a performance similar to the original SURF algorithm [2, 1] (see Section 6 for more details). Figure 13 shows the set of interest points detected as local box-space maxima of the DoHL operator, and selected after thresholding. For visualization purpose, the radii of the circles is set as 2.5 times the box scale L of the corresponding interest points.

Propaganda In Elections Essay -- essays research papers

Propaganda In Elections Have you ever seen a TV commercial portraying a disastrous automobile accident, and then you reminds you to wear your seatbealts?!?! Believe it or not, that's using a technique in propaganda called the fear appeal. Propaganda is more widespread than people picture. Propaganda is being used for everything from the baby food you feed your child to the TV commercial you laughed at yesterday night. There are many techniques that a propagandist can use to seduce you. Some of the best known styles in propaganda are Plain Folk, Fear, Name Calling, and Glittering Generality, In this year's elections, propaganda has played an important role in who was elected. This year's presidential candidates were all millionaires, but they have gone to great lengths to present themselves as ordinary citizens. Bill Clinton eats at Mc Donald's and read a variety of spy novels. Bob Dole presents himself as the "all American boy" from the Heartland. In this two examples the plain folk device is at work. When either presidential candidates agitates the public's fear of immigration, taxes, or crime and voting for him will reduce the threat he is using the Fear Appeal. By playing on the public's deep-seated fears, practitioners of this technique hopes to redirect the merits of a proposal and towards steps that can be tak...

The DIM Lighting Co. Case Analysis Form Essay

I. Problems: Macro: 1. The DIM Lighting Co. has had a decline of 15% in profit margins over the past year. 2. This subsidiary is part of a large corporation and operates as a profit center. 3. The company wants to stay competitive and profitable in today’s economy. New technologies are being developed by the competitors. Micro: 1. The proposed research project is considered â€Å"high risk† by members of management. Corporate is supportive of the idea but not ready to commit to the amount of money needed. 2. The initial investment for the â€Å"Light of the Future† is $1.2 million per year for the next two years with an additional $500,000 to begin production. 3. Money is needed for new equipment for current product which has an immediate payback. 4. Management is not confident in the financial figures provided by the accounting department. 5. The company needs to stay competitive while keeping up with current production. II. Causes 1. The company has had a 15% decline in profit margins over the past year. 2. The company is trying to develop new products while keeping up with current production. 3. The new â€Å"Light of the Future† is considered a risky investment and management is worried about the amount of money needed to develop new product. 4. The company is also concerned on the amount of time required before payback on new product is feasible. 5. The management team is not confident in the financial figures presented at the meeting. III. Alternatives 1. The management team needs to feel confident in the financial numbers presented by accounting. Without the confidence, an accurate decision cannot be made. Accounting needs to review and resubmit numbers to management team. 2. Also company needs total support and capital from corporate. A feasibility review of the project and its financial investment  is needed before proceeding. 3. Research and Development may need to look at other potential projects that will have the same profitability but requires smaller investment and quicker payback period. IV. Recommendations 1. Review current financial records to gain confidence in numbers. 2. Review by R&D to see if any reductions can be made without sacrificing product quality and profitability. 3. R&D to research additional potential products for future production. 4. Insure that current production is meeting current customer requirements. Also look for cost savings in current production to offset 15% decline. 5. Once these items are completed, decision made and presented to corporate for support and capital for investment.

The Failure of Modern Capitalism Looking at Modern...

In a time of such economic distress, where it sometimes feels as though the world as we know it is coming to an end, it is hard not to examine and question the fundamental idea of capitalism. Many people are starting to wonder if our laissez-faire attitude towards the economy can continue to be successful or if a major change to our society is imminent. In seeking answers to these questions, it is impossible not to think of economist Karl Marx, who spent the better part of his career analyzing capitalism. Marx long ago predicted what he deemed the inevitable downfall of the capitalist society and outlined his reasoning in his infamous Manifesto of the Communist Party. According to Marx, capitalism is bound to collapse due to its inherent†¦show more content†¦[Marx 1983:210] Quite simply, the capitalist system eventually reaches a point where it is so productive that more is produced than people can buy. When companies are unable to sell all their product they must cut costs in another area, which almost always results in laying off workers. This then creates more people who are unable to afford to purchase products, both from the original company and other companies as well. The value of these products becomes so low that companies are forced to destroy their excess product in order to insure the rest of the product retains value. An example of this in our current economy is the real estate crisis. The New York Times article â€Å"Vacancies Raise Risk and Cut Value of Real Estate† looks specifically at the struggling real estate market of commercial buildings in major cities across the United States. The article discusses the trouble the building owners are running into in finding tenants and how they are consequently being forced to offer space at extremely low prices or to sell their buildings all together. 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